Introduction

Glomerular disease is a disorder of the kidneys, in which the normal functioning of the kidneys is disturbed and the chemical balance is not maintained in your blood and urine. Healthy kidneys flush out toxins and waste materials in the urine and retain red blood corpuscles and proteins in the blood itself. But in case of glomerular disease, toxins are retained in the blood, whereas red blood cells and proteins get filtered out in the urine. This disorder can be either acute – meaning sudden occurrence or it can be chronic – meaning it builds up over a period. To understand what glomerular disease is, it is important to understand the functioning of kidneys.

The kidneys are bean-shaped fist-sized structures located near the rib cage. They have tiny structures called nephrons, which are filtering units for blood. These nephrons are made up of glomeruli and tubules. The function of glomeruli is to filter wastes and excess fluids. The function of tubules is to convert wastes into urine. In glomerular disease, the filtration process of the blood gets affected.

Symptoms

• High blood pressure
• Decreasing frequency of urination
• Fluid retention
• Swelling in lower legs, face, feet and abdomen
• Fatigue
• Blood loss in urine

Causes

• Genetic factors
• Thin basement membrane disease
• Post-infectious glomerulonephritis
• IgA vasculitis
• Lupus
• Severe post-infectious glomerulonephritis
• Fibrillary glomerulonephritis
• Mixed cryoglobulinemia
• Diabetic nephropathy
• Membranous nephropathy
• Final stage of post-infectious glomerulonephritis
• IgA nephropathy
• Benign nephrosclerosis
• Primary amyloidosis
• Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
• Minimal change disease

Risks

• Diabetes
• Kidney diseases and infections
• High blood pressure
• Obesity
• Age above 65

Diagnosis

• Urine tests
• Blood tests
• Imaging tests
• Biopsy

Treatment

• Steroids
• High blood pressure management
• Hemodialysis
• Kidney transplantation

Prevention

• Healthy lifestyle
• Avoid excessive usage of painkillers
• Regular exercise
• Dietary modification to suit problems like diabetes and high blood pressure

Conclusion

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Journal of Kidney Treatment and Diagnosis