Medical bleeding denotes hemorrhage as a result of an underlying medical condition
Intravascular changes - changes of the blood within vessels (e.g. ↑ blood pressure, ↓ clotting factors)
Intramural changes - changes arising within the walls of blood vessels (e.g. aneurysms, dissections, AVMs, vasculitides)
Extravascular changes - changes arising outside blood vessels (e.g. H pylori infection, brain abscess, brain tumor)
The underlying scientific basis for blood clotting and hemostasis is discussed inH detail in the articles, coagulation, ... Read More
Class I 
Pharmacodynamics is the study of how drugs have effects on the body. The most common mechanism is by the interaction of the drug with tissue receptors located either in cell membranes or in the intracellular fluid. The extent of receptor activation, and the subsequent biological response, is related to the concentration of the activating drug (the 'agonist'). This relationship is described by the dose–response curve, which plots the drug dose (or concentration) against its effect. This important pharmacodynamic relationship can be influenced by patient factors (e.g. age, disea... 
Pharmacokinetics can be simply described as the study of 'what the body does to the drug' and includes:
• the rate and extent to which drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed to the body tissues
• the rate and pathways by which drugs are eliminated from the body by metabolism and excretion
• the relationship between time and plasma drug concentration.
Understanding these processes is extremely important for prescribers because they form the basis on which the optimal dose regimen is c... 
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the most serious infectious disease worldwide and predominantly occurs in developing countries. The annual death from TB caused by Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) and Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB) outnumbers Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Especially, 90% of active disease in MDR-TB occurs within the first two years and nearly all within three years, indicating the difficulties of MDR-TB treatment. The traditional anti-TB drugs such asisoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, streptomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, capreomycin, l... 
The prevalence of anti-NuMA1 and anti-NuMA2 antibodies in autoimmune, hepatic, infectious and renal inflammatory diseases is well known; however, its presence and possible relevance in cardiovascular diseases still needs to be elucidated. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of positive anti-NuMA1 and anti-NuMA2 antibody patterns in subjects with autoimmune, non-autoimmune and/or cardiac diseases. Material and methods: This was an observational study run from January 2010 to January 2018. Individuals whose treating physician requested an antibody study and we detected anti NuMA1 and anti NuMA2 p... 
Classification of cancers has been dominated by the fields of histology and histopathology which aim to leverage morphological markers for accurate identification of a tumour type. Histological methods rely on chemical staining of tissues with pigments such as haematoxylin and eosin and microscopy-based visualization by a pathologist. The identification of tumor subtypes is based on established classification schemes such as the International Classification of Diseases published by the World Health Organization which prov... 
In a 2001 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, further stratified the classifications described by Perou et al. and explored the clinical value of these 
Absorption is the transfer of the drug into the bloodstream. In IV this process is complete thus the whole dose reaches the systemic circulation. However in other routes of administration the rate and efficiency is dependent on many factors and usually on ly results in partial absorption.
Transport in GIT
Due to their chemical properties, drugs are absorbed either by passive diffusion or active transport.
Passive diffusion: Passive diffusion is facilitated by the concentration gradient accross the membrane. The drug moves ... 
Absorption is the transfer of the drug into the bloodstream. In IV this process is complete thus the whole dose reaches the systemic circulation. However in other routes of administration the rate and efficiency is dependent on many factors and usually on ly results in partial absorption.
Transport in GIT
Due to their chemical properties, drugs are absorbed either by passive diffusion or active transport.
Passive diffusion: Passive diffusion is facilitated by the concentration gradient accross the membrane. The drug moves ... 
We are pleasure to introduce our 
Structural biology is a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules (especially proteins, made up of amino acids, RNA or DNA, made up of nucleotides, membranes, made up of lipids) how they acquire the structures they have, and how alterations in their structures affect their function.This subject is of great interest to biologists because macromolecules carry out most of the functions of cells, and it is only by coiling into specific three-dimensional shapes that they are able to perform these functions. This ... 
Targeted therapy or molecularly targeted therapy is one of the major modalities of medical treatment (pharmacotherapy) for cancer, others being hormonal therapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy. As a form of molecular medicine, targeted therapy blocks the growth of cancer cells by interfering with specific targeted molecules needed for carcinogenesis and tumor growth, rather than by simply interfering with all rapidly dividing cells (e.g. with traditional chemotherapy). Because most agents for... 
Pharmacogenomics is the study of the role of the genome in drug response. Its name (pharmaco- + genomics) reflects its combining of pharmacology and genomics. Pharmacogenomics analyzes how the genetic makeup of an individual affects his/her response to drugs. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with pharmacokinetics (drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination) and pharmacodynamics (effects mediated through a drug's biological targets). The te... 
Pharmacovigilance (PV or PhV), also known as drug safety, is the pharmacological science relating to the collection, detection, assessment, monitoring, and prevention of adverse effects with pharmaceutical products. The etymological roots for the word "pharmacovigilance" are: pharmakon (Greek for drug) and vigilare (Latin for to keep watch). As such, pharmacovigilance heavily focuses on adverse drug reactions, or ADRs, which are defined as any response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, including lack of efficacy (the condition that this definition only applies with the do... 
One of the most basic techniques of molecular biology to study protein function is molecular cloning. In this technique, 
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology and Innovation is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that reflects articles on all types of Drugs and Medicine. The journal welcomes submissions from all related fields of Pharmacy including advances in medicines.
Articles will be also considered from related analysis from Drug Metabolism, Drug Delivery Systems, Drug Interactions, Drug Therapy, Drug Addiction, Pharmaceutical Industry, chemistry. Submission of important articles containing advanced research output aiding in forwarding the subject are most welcome. The wide scope of the j... 
The last decade has seen rapid technological progress but with increasing demands for safe and efficacious drugs, technological solutions that reduce the barriers to clinical success will be of more interest than those that simply shift the bottlenecks and necessitate new compromises in the discovery and development process. Numerous problem areas remain: better information relative to disease pathophysiology is needed to improve target selection and validation; more predictive, biologically-relevant high throughput screens are essential; and, more emphasis must be placed on acquiring good ... 
From being a medicine to be a toxin there is a step. This is true for many aspects: from the structure, to the effect and to the dosage. For example, myriocin (ISP-1), a potent immunosuppressant, is an analog of sphingosine, and an inhibitor of the enzyme serine palmitoyl transferase that generates sphingosine. However, when it comes to the physiological effect, myriocin inhibits the growth of a mouse cytotoxic T lymphocyte line whereas sphingosine completely suppresses the inhibitory effect. But while you may think sphingosine is “good”, and that more is better, high doses of s... 
Nanomedicine have gained increasing attention in recent years. Compared to small molecules, nanoparticles have many advantages in biomedical applications such as controlled drug delivery and therapy (by taking advantage of EPR effect). As a collection of atoms/molecules, nanoparticles exhibit much stronger absorbance and emissions compared to small molecular probes, which can provide improved local contrast in biological imaging and sensing applications. However, the toxicity of nanoparticles is a concern for clinical application. Nano systems that can simultaneously combine diagnosis, ther... 
The editorial team of Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology and Innovation is overwhelmed by the response and eagerness of the academic and research contributors to publish with the journal and take part in the year-long celebrations. During this year we look forward to taking some initiates that would encourage and reward our prospective customers. It gives us great pleasure in announcing the call for paper on the 7th Anniversary of the Journal at special and hefty discount of up to 20 percent on one-time article processing charge.
Prospective academicians an... 
Researchers at Dartmouth College have developed a technique to produce synthetic steroids that could pave the way for a cascade of new drug discoveries. The process facilitates access to rare, mirror-image isomers of naturally occurring steroid structures. The core molecular structure of steroids is a proven backbone in drug development. More than 100 different steroid molecules are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as therapeutics for a wide range of symptoms and diseases including inflammation and pain, cancer and bacterial infection.
Steroidal therapeutics argua... 
On behalf of the 
Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology Research is a peer-reviewed Journal, encourages on-going international research and information exchange through publication of latest advances.
The Journal is pleased to inform that it is been running successfully for 3 years and is running towards its 9th Anniversary. It is an Open access scholarly Developing Drugs. This journal is known for its quality research articles in the field of Pharmaceutics, Nanotechnology, Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Quality Control, Quality Assurance, International Regulatory, Validation Techniques, Industrial ... 
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Development has announced almost 50% discount on article processing charges (APC) to commemorate its 1st Anniversary.
Editor-in-Chief David Gortler is supported by an outstanding Editorial Board of international researchers. This multidisciplinary open-access journal is at the forefront of disseminating and communicating scientific knowledge and impactful discoveries to researchers, academics, clinicians and the public worldwide.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Development solicits r... 
Medicinal chemists apply their chemistry coaching to the method of synthesizing new prescription drugs. They additionally improve the processes by that existing prescription drugs are created. medicative chemists are centered on drug discovery and development and are involved with the isolation of medicinal agents found in plants, still because the creation of latest artificial drug compounds. Most chemists work with a team of scientists from completely different disciplines, as well as biologists, toxicologists, pharmacologists, theoretical chemists, microbiologists, and biopharmacists. To... 
On behalf of the 
Journal aims to provide the most complete and reliable source of information on recent advancements in Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry and providing the discount of 50% for the publication of the articles. The emphasis will be on publishing quality articles rapidly and openly available to researchers, young scholars worldwide.
It is a great honor and pleasure for me to invite you to participate in this themed issue by contributing your unique idea for our forthcoming issues (volume3, issue1) in the form of research/review/case report/short communication/commentaries to our jo... 
Journal aims to provide the most complete and reliable source of information on recent advancements in 
On behalf of the 
On the grand occasion of competing 15th anniversary,