LET’S PUBLISH ABOUT PHOTON
A photon is a tiny energy packet of electromagnetic radiation, also referred to as a light quantum. Albert Einstein's account of the photoelectric effect, in which he proposed the existence of discrete energy packets during the transmission of light, gave rise to the concept of the photon in 1905. Einstein reasoned that the momentum (h v/c) of the light quantum may also be related. The possibility of the light quantum being connected to a particle was strongly suggested by a significant energy value and momentum. Later, the photon was given to this particle. A discrete bundle (or quantum) of electromagnetic (or light) energy is therefore described as a photon. Photons move at the speed of light (3*108 m/s) because they have no mass. The characteristics of photons can be summed up as follows in accordance with the photon theory of light: • Each photon possesses the speed of light, c, momentum (p = h v/c), and energy (E = h). • Since photons are electrically neutral, magnetic and electric forces have no effect on them. • When radiation is absorbed or emitted, respectively, photons can be destroyed or generated. • In a photon-particle collision, both the total momentum and the total energy are conserved. • The energy of each photon of light has a specific frequency and wavelength. • Photons have no mass when at rest. How Does a Photon Get Made? There are numerous ways to generate photons, but they all depend on the same internal atomic mechanism. This technique involves supplying energy to the electrons that orbit the nucleus of each atom. An electron typically occupies a fixed orbit, however by energising an atom, we can move its electrons to higher orbitals. When an electron in a higher-than-normal orbit returns to its ordinary orbit, a photon is created. When an electron transitions from a high to a low energy state, it emits a photon with unique properties. The frequency of the photon precisely matches the distance the electron Why is there momentum in a photon? We are aware that, according to Einstein's special theory of relativity, mass is merely another type of energy. Even though a photon lacks mass, its momentum is proportional to its energy. The Planck-Einstein connection E=hf states that the photon's energy and frequency are used to calculate its momentum. A photon, however, cannot have any mass because it constantly travels at the speed of light (according to Einstein's equations). However, it is evident that the photon still needs energy in order to generate the photoelectric effect. The conclusion that follows is that all of the photon energy exists as motion. This ultimately leads to the conclusion that a photon must move in order to have energy if it is to have momentum. ARTICLE IN PRESS IN JOURNAL OF MODERN AND APPLIED PHYSICS TITLE:- Evidence for charge of the photon: 694nm red laser photons perturb a static magnetic field and movement in organic paper material exposed to sunlight ABSTRACT:- Photons, described by particle and wave theories, are accepted not to possess mass, charge nor deflected by a magnetic field. During electron-spin-resonance experiments, hair containing melanin was 694 nm laser- irradiated. An ‘off-resonance’ at laser-firing was observed in a time-scan at constant magnetic field, whilst monitoring laser-induced radical formation. It was hypothesized coherent photons interacted with the magnetic field. The radical g-value was invariant in successive field-scans, although the hair melted. Melanin, in the solid state in hair, does not exhibit temperature-dependent paramagnetism. 4.3 – 9.8 x 1018 photons in 1.2 – 2.7 J per pulse impact a 1.8 x 10-5 m2 hair surface area, and a mean 72% ‘off resonance’ signal-drop is determined from the time-scan, which translates to a field-shift of 4 G or 4 x 10-4 T. This is the same order of magnitude of hyperfine couplings, or field-shifts for absorption, due to proton nuclei (spin½) in the vicinity of the unpaired electron of the melanin radical. If the pulse is point charge (Nphotons. qphoton) impacting the solid hair surface area at the speed of light c, qphoton is 9.2 x 10-31 coulombs and q/e 5.8 x 10-12. The ESR observation is proposed to be spin-coupling of photons with charge and magnetism, with melanin radical unpaired electrons during the laser pulse. That photons carry charge is corroborated by repulsive movements observed between square paper pieces, comprising starch-based organic polymers, placed edges together within a plastic wallet and exposed to 4h+ sunlight. Movement is not detected in comparable experiments with heat alone. AUTHOR:- Rachel Haywood AFFLIATION:- RAFT Institute, 75 Salisbury House, London Wall, London EC2M 5QQ, UK. We welcome submissions in form of Research| Reviews | Case Reports | Clinical Images| Short Commentary and Letter to the Editor| Editorial| and Opinions | for our issue in November 2022. Kindly let us know if you are interested in submitting abstracts for publication, we are here to help you out with the process without any delay. You can do the submissions using the Editorial tracking system or as a reply to this mail. For any queries related to submission and other information contact us by email. Thanks and Best Regards Yulia Olivia Managing Editor| Modern and Applied Physics What’s app: +447723598358 Email Id for submissions:- appliedphysics@pulsusjournal.com