Introduction

Visual Optics deals with the concept of eye as an optical instrument and thereby covers various optical components of eye, types of refractive errors, clinical approach in diagnosis and management of various types of refractive errors.

Vision of humans and other organisms depends on several organs such as the lens of the eye, and any vision correcting devices, which use optics to focus the image. The eyes of many animals contain a lens that focuses the light of its surroundings onto the retina of the eye. This lens is essential to producing clear images within the eye.

However, some individuals may have problems with focus, such as myopia or presbyopia. In this case, the focus of the eyes can be corrected with an external lens, such as glasses or contact lenses, or through surgery.

Vision

Three pieces are needed for a visual system: Eye needs to form an “Image”. Image is loosely defined because it can be severely degraded and still provide information. Image needs to be converted to a neural signal and sent to the brain. Brain needs to interpret and process the image.

Lenses that alter or correct the optics of the human eye are normally manufactured in plastic or glass. They are then located in front of the eyes in spectacles or contact lenses. But electronic optics are now available that can rapidly change their properties under computer control. These are called adaptive optics and they are typically in the form of flexible mirrors or spatial light modulators (liquid crystals). In the Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory we make use of adaptive optics to test various aspects of vision performance.

When an optometrist asks a patient to describe their vision, they are presented with a wide array of responses which can include blurred, doubled, ghosted, smeared, distorted and washed out and many variations on these themes. Within these varied descriptions of visual quality, lies significant information about the optical defects of the eye.

The theoretical effects of the common refractive errors such as spherical defocus and astigmatism are well known. Defocus will cause the image to blur in an even, symmetrical fashion, whereas the presence of astigmatism will cause a difference in the amount of blur experienced along each principal meridian of the eye.

Measurements of the optical characteristics of the eye show that while defocus and astigmatism are the major aberrations of the eye, there are also higher order aberrations such as coma and spherical aberration present in most eyes. It is the unique interaction between these higher and lower order aberrations in an individual eye which give rise to the distinctive nature of individual reports of vision quality.

The optical properties of the eye can be characterized by the wavefront error function, which can be described by a polynomial series. The lower-order terms of this polynomial such as prism, defocus and astigmatism are the aberrations that are typically corrected by conventional means such as spectacles or contact lenses.

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